[114], The nucleus whare can be translated as "house", the periphery te is similar to an article "the" and the periphery nei indicates proximity to the speaker. [29] These include: Based on the principles of partnership, Māori-speaking government, general revitalisation and dialectal protective policy, and adequate resourcing, the Waitangi Tribunal has recommended "four fundamental changes":[30], The changes set forth by the Tribunal are merely recommendations; they are not binding upon government. [91] The lexical word forms the "base" of the phrase. [78] Biggs has analysed North Island Māori as comprising a western group and an eastern group with the boundary between them running pretty much along the island's north–south axis.[79]. It started this period as the predominant language of New Zealand. Clark, Ross (1994). The language features the dual pronouns: māua (we two, exc), tāua (we two, inc), kōrua (you two), rāua (they two). 'Ideas of Māori origins – 1920s–2000: new understandings', Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 4-Mar-09. )(1994), pp. The Waitangi Tribunal in 2011 identified a suggestion for language revitalisation that would shift indigenous policies from the central government to the preferences and ideologies of the Māori people. [122] The most common negator is kāhore, which may occur in one of four forms, with the kāo form only being used in response to a question. The pronunciation of ⟨wh⟩ is extremely variable,[74] but its most common pronunciation (its canonical allophone) is the labiodental fricative, IPA [f] (as found in English). "Does Māori have a closest relative?" [34] Albury argues that these results come from the language either not being used enough in common discourse, or from the fact that the number of speakers was inadequate for future language development. /ŋ/ can come at the beginning of a word (like sing-along without the "si"), which is difficult for English speakers outside of New Zealand to manage. ), and tētahi, (a certain). When individuals speak, they do not normally confine themselves to the mere emission of speech sounds. The plural is made by deleting the initial [t]. Punjabi . Japanese r). [7] They visited Professor Samuel Lee at Cambridge University and assisted him in the preparation of a grammar and vocabulary of Māori. Like other Polynesian languages, Māori has three numbers for pronouns and possessives: singular, dual and plural. [6], The level of competence of self-professed Māori speakers varies from minimal to total. The subject is usually raised in negative phrases, although this is not obligatory. The Māori embraced literacy enthusiastically, and missionaries reported in the 1820s that Māori all over the country taught each other to read and write, using sometimes quite innovative materials in the absence of paper, such as leaves and charcoal, and flax. Vowel length is phonemic; but four of the five long vowels occur in only a handful of word roots, the exception being /aː/. The difference between exclusive and inclusive lies in the treatment of the person addressed. The answers may be āe (yes) or kāo (no).[127]. It is one of Haiti’s official languages (the other being French), and it shows lexical and grammatical features of both French and African languages. These phrases can be identified as an indefinite nominal phrase. Although some sign languages are related to spoken languages, often within a geographic community (such as American [spoken] English and American Sign Language), they are not necessarily direct translations. Missionaries arriving from about 1814 learned to speak Māori, and introduced the Latin alphabet. In the late 19th century, the colonial governments of New Zealand and its provinces introduced an English-style school system for all New Zealanders. Quechua . Māori writer Hare Hongi (Henry Stowell) used macrons in his Maori-English Tutor and Vade Mecum of 1911,[55] as does Sir Āpirana Ngata (albeit inconsistently) in his Maori Grammar and Conversation (7th printing 1953). [108], The proper article a is used for personal nouns. [21], In 2008, Land Information New Zealand published the first list of official place names with macrons, which indicate long vowels. That is, on the last four moras. The general usage of kāhore can be seen in the following examples. For example, the kiwi, the national bird, takes its name from te reo. Harlow, Ray (1994). It may be regarded, because of its infinite flexibility and productivity, as the symbol system par excellence. For those that do not, the IPA phonetic transcription is included, enclosed in square brackets per IPA convention. [84] This same elision is found in numerous other southern placenames, such as the two small settlements called The Kaik (from the term for a fishing village, kainga in standard Māori), near Palmerston and Akaroa, and the early spelling of Lake Wakatipu as Wagadib. "The Maori language in New Zealand education". Pronouns have singular, dual and plural number. These agent topicalizing particles can contract with singular personal pronouns and vary according to the possessive classes: nāku can be thought of as meaning "as for me" and behave like an emphatic or dative pronoun. For example, the English fricatives /tʃ/, /dʒ/, and /s/ are replaced by /h/, /f/ becomes /p/, and /l/ becomes /ɾ/ (the /l/ is sometimes retained in the southern dialect, as noted below). In New Zealand, the Māori language is often referred to as te reo [tɛ ˈɾɛ.ɔ] ('the language'), short for te reo Māori. Hannah Peters/Getty Images News/Getty Images The original inhabitants of what is today known as New Zealand were Polynesians who arrived in a series of migrations more than 1,000 years ago. For older speakers, /u/ is only fronted after /t/; elsewhere it is [u]. Again, the part played in emotional contact and in the expression of feelings by facial expressions and tone of voice, quite independently of the words used, has been shown in tests in which subjects have been asked to react to sentences that appear as friendly and inviting when read but are spoken angrily and, conversely, to sentences that appear as hostile but are spoken with friendly facial expressions. How does someone become the last known speaker of a language? [citation needed], Māori still[update] is a community language in some predominantly-Māori settlements in the Northland, Urewera and East Cape areas. [70] With younger speakers, /ai, au/ start with a higher vowel than the [a] of /ae, ao/. The plural is formed just by dropping the t: tēnei (this), ēnei (these). Only around 9,000 people speak only in Māori. Estimates of the number of speakers vary: the 1996 census reported 160,000,[45] while other estimates have reported as few as 10,000 fluent adult speakers in 1995 according to the Māori Language Commission. The active form of this sentence is rendered as: Kua hanga ngā tohunga i te marae (The experts have built the marae). Taku is my, aku is my (plural, for many possessed items). [81] Maarire Goodall and George Griffiths say there is also a voicing of k to g – this is why the region of Otago (southern dialect) and the settlement it is named after – Otakou (standard Māori) – vary in spelling (the pronunciation of the latter having changed over time to accommodate the northern spelling). 123–135. From 1814, missionaries tried to define the sounds of the language. The article either can be translated to the English ‘a’ or ‘some’, but the number will not be indicated by he. [82] Westland's Waitangitaona River became two distinct rivers after an avulsion, each named in a differing dialect. 96–105. "Does Māori have a closest relative?" Signed languages and gesture languages have the same linguistic components as spoken languages. [90] These also combine with the pronouns. By 1830 the CMS missionaries had revised the orthography for writing the Māori language; for example, ‘Kiddeekiddee’ became, what is the modern spelling, ‘Kerikeri’. [33], There is however evidence that the revitalisation efforts are taking hold, as can be seen in the teaching of te reo in the school curriculum, the use of Māori as an instructional language, and the supportive ideologies surrounding these efforts. "Most of the tribal variation in grammar is a matter of preferences: speakers of one area might prefer one grammatical form to another, but are likely on occasion to use the non-preferred form, and at least to recognise and understand it. Other major Eastern Polynesian languages include Hawaiian, Marquesan (languages in the Marquesic subgroup), and the Rapa Nui language of Easter Island.[40][41][42]. [38], In March 2021, the Broadcasting Standards Authority (BSA) said it would no longer entertain complaints regarding the use of Māori language in broadcasts. In Sutton (Ed. In Sutton (ed.) This difference was the subject of considerable debate during the 1990s and 2000s over the then-proposed change of the name of the city Wanganui to Whanganui. These settlers probably arrived by about AD 1280 (see Māori origins). Other definitives include tēhea? (1994), pp. The Māori of New Zealand Māori celebrate the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi, New Zealand's founding document, on a public holiday every February 6. He aha tēnā paku rārangi? [123] Each example of a negative phrase is presented with its analogue positive phrase for comparison. Their language and its dialects developed in isolation until the 19th century. [47] The rest use only a few words or phrases (passive bilingualism). "Indigenous struggle for the transformation of education and schooling". Download PDF [17], An interpreter is on hand at sessions of the New Zealand Parliament for instances when a Member wishes to speak in Māori. The indefinite article he when used with mass nouns like water and sand will always mean 'some'. When used in sentences, statives require different syntax than other verb-like bases. [87], Māori has mostly a VSO (verb-subject-object) word order,[88] is analytical and makes extensive use of grammatical particles to indicate grammatical categories of tense, mood, aspect, case, topicalization, among others. [25], Before 1880, some Māori parliamentarians suffered disadvantages because Parliament's proceedings took place in English. Worship took place in Māori; it functioned as the language of Māori homes; Māori politicians conducted political meetings in Māori, and some literature appeared in Māori, along with many newspapers. Harlow, Ray (1994). English speakers also tend to hear Māori /r/ as English /l/ in certain positions (cf. The Study of Language By George Yule 4th edition. In the 1860s, it became a minority language in the shadow of the English spoken by many settlers, missionaries, gold-seekers, and traders. Occasional and inconsistent vowel-length markings occur in 19th-century manuscripts and newspapers written by Māori, including macron-like diacritics and doubling of letters. Te Taura Whiri should function as a Crown–Māori partnership through the equal appointment of Crown and Māori appointees to its board. In these cases the word order changes to SVO. Although they do not involve speech sounds, they have their own grammar, syntax, and morphology. Kohanga reo Māori-immersion kindergartens throughout New Zealand use Māori exclusively. It can be seen that the active sentence contains the object marker 'i', that is not present in the passive sentence, while the passive sentence has the agent marker 'e', which is not present in the active sentence. At least until the 1930s, the bilabial fricative was considered to be the correct pronunciation. E. there are only two basic color terms, black and white. Thomas Kendall published a book in 1815 entitled A korao no New Zealand, which in modern orthography and usage would be He Kōrero nō Aotearoa. There followed in 1985 the founding of the first Kura Kaupapa Māori (Years 1 to 8 Māori-medium education programme) and later the first Wharekura (Years 9 to 13 Māori-medium education programme). [43] Māori actors, travelling to Easter Island for production of the film Rapa-Nui noticed a marked similarity between the native tongues, as did arts curator Reuben Friend, who noted that it took only a short time to pick up any different vocabulary and the different nuances to recognisable words. Once the Māori language was taught in universities in the 1960s, vowel-length marking was made systematic. In the southwest of the island, in the Whanganui and Taranaki regions, the phoneme ⟨h⟩ is a glottal stop and the phoneme ⟨wh⟩ is [ʔw]. /ɾ/ is typically a flap, especially before /a/. (1984). Provencal . Spolsky, B.. (2003). Like most languages, English has many racist expressions, words, and phrases that are unfortunately used widely and frequently. )(1994), pp. There was originally no native writing system for Māori. "Māori Dialectology and the Settlement of New Zealand" In Sutton (ed.) "Maori and Pakeha English: Some New Zealand Social Dialect Data". Arubans are especially fluent in Papiamento and Dutch, as those are the official languages of Aruba. ", As with many "dead" languages, there is a possibility that the southern dialect may be revived, especially with the encouragement mentioned. /h/ is pronounced as a glottal stop, [ʔ], and the sound of ⟨wh⟩ as [ʔw], in some western areas of North Island. It is found that it is the visual accompaniments and tone of voice that elicit the main emotional response. [26] However, by 1900, all Māori members of parliament, such as Sir Āpirana Ngata, were university graduates who spoke fluent English. The indefinite article he is usually positioned at the beginning of the phrase in which it is used. For example, "Presbyterian" has been borrowed as Perehipeteriana; no consonant position in the loanword has been deleted, but /s/ and /b/ have been replaced with /h/ and /p/, respectively. New Zealand Post recognises Māori place-names in postal addresses. For example, -ia (or just -a if the verb ends in [i]). At Auckland University, Professor Bruce Biggs (of Ngāti Maniapoto descent) promoted the use of double vowels (e.g. Thomas Kendall travelled to London with Hongi Hika and Waikato (a lower-ranking Ngāpuhi chief) in 1820, during which time further work was done with Professor Lee, who gave phonetic spellings to a written form of the language, which resulted in a definitive orthography based on Northern usage. The Māori greetings "tēnā koe" (to one person), "tēnā kōrua" (to two people) or "tēnā koutou" (to three or more people) are also widely used, as are farewells such as "haere rā". [10], The spelling ⟨Maori⟩ (without a macron) is standard in English outside New Zealand in both general and linguistic usage. The related adverbs are nei (here), nā (there, near you), rā (over there, near him).[110]. "matua wahine" (mother, female elder) from "matua" (parent, elder) "wahine" (woman). In Sutton (Ed. New Zealand English has gained many loanwords from Māori, mainly the names of birds, plants, fishes and places. [100], Personal bases take the personal article a after ki, such as names of people (ki a Hohepa, to Joseph), personified houses, personal pronouns, wai? Benton, R. A. Deaf or hard-of-hearing people conversing in American Sign Language (ASL). Bauer 1997: 532 lists seven allophones (variant pronunciations). Consonants seem to have caused the most difficulty, but medial and final vowels are often missing in early sources. Benton, R. A. A protester gesturing at a police officer in Male, Maldives, 2012. The alphabet devised at Cambridge University does not mark vowel length. They are also far less arbitrary than most of the lexical components of language, and they are much nearer the cries of animals produced under similar circumstances and serve similar expressive and communicative purposes (as far as animals’ intentions and behaviour can be understood). This percentage has been in decline in recent years, from around a quarter of the population to 21 per cent. "The, Treaty of Waitangi claims and settlements, Māori Language Week (Te Wiki o te Reo Māori), "Ngā puna kōrero: Where Māori speak te reo – infographic", "Google and Disney join rush to cash in as Māori goes mainstream", "Māori Language Act 1987 No 176 (as at 30 April 2016), Public Act Contents – New Zealand Legislation", New Zealand Department of Internal Affairs, Definitions of Māori words used in New Zealand English, "Dedicated Parliamentary Seats for Indigenous Peoples: Political Representation as an Element of Indigenous Self-Determination", "Te Ture mō Te Reo Māori 2016 No 17 (as at 01 March 2017), Public Act 7 Right to speak Māori in legal proceedings – New Zealand Legislation", "New Zealand Gazetteer of Official Geographic Names", https://teara.govt.nz/en/ideas-about-maori-origins/page-5, "The native schools system, 1867 to 1969", "Rosina Wiparata: A Legacy of Māori Language Education", "Harry Potter to be translated into te reo Māori", "Te reo Māori card game Tākaro moves into production after kickstarter campaign", "Encouraging te reo Māori through hand-crafted taonga for children", "BSA signals end to te reo Māori complaints", https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/te-manu-korihi/118294/rapanui-expedition-reveals-similarities-to-te-reo-maori, "Māori Language Issues – Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori", "Census 2016, Language spoken at home by Sex (SA2+)", "Sample of Writing by Shunghie [Hongi Hika] on board the Active", "What's that little line? [125] The use of the passive suffix -ia is given in this sentence: Kua hangaia te marae e ngā tohunga (The marae has been built by the experts). The nucleus can be thought of as the meaning and is the centre of the phrase, whereas the periphery is where the grammatical meaning is conveyed and occurs before and/or after the nucleus. Maaori); this style was standard there until Biggs died in 2000. The proper article a always being the phrase with the personal noun. Double vowels continue to be used in a few exceptional cases, including: Māori has five phonemically distinct vowel articulations, and ten consonant phonemes. Māori (/ ˈ m aʊ r i /; Māori pronunciation: [ˈ m aː ɔ ɾ i] listen), also known as te reo ('the language'), is an Eastern Polynesian language spoken by the Māori people, the indigenous population of New Zealand.Closely related to Cook Islands Māori, Tuamotuan, and Tahitian, it gained recognition as one of New Zealand's official languages in 1987.
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