This article focuses on housing constructed during the decade or so after the end of the Second World War as part of the progressive, experimental establishment of the Welfare State in Britain. During the 1950s, African Americans quickened the pace of the struggle for equality by challenging segregation in court. Life-size models of the nuclear Polaris A3 missile, 1968 Farms have become more specialized; the greatly increased use of machinery has made operations quicker and more efficient, ⦠However, unlike the 1920s, the late 1940s and 50s were periods of sustained economic growth. Closer to home, troops were deployed in Northern Ireland from 1969 in response to an outbreak of sectarian violence, which rapidly became a major terrorist challenge. Back to Article List. He works on post-1500 military history, 18th-century British history, international relations, cartographic history and newspaper history. The history of Britain in the post-war period is undoubtedly a history of decline. Social and cultural change has also reflected the extent to which the population has become more individualistic and less deferential. This contributed to a sense of national malaise in the 1970s, which also owed much to very high inflation and to a sense that the country had become ungovernable, as strikes by coal miners led to the failure of government policies on wages. The ⦠The Bank of England, railways, heavy industry, and coal mining were all nationalised. Check ourencyclopedia for a gloss on thousands of topics from biographies to the table of elements. By 1993 the figure was about 1,620,000, with the rise in the number of Muslims being particularly pronounced. Shopping patterns also reflected social trends in other respects with, for example, a major change in the diet, as red meat declined in relative importance, while lighter meats, fish and vegetarianism all enjoyed greater popularity. His recent publications include The European Question and the National Interest (Social Affairs Unit, 2006) and War and the New Disorder in the 21st-century (Continuum, 2005). This has meant that the average age has risen, a process accentuated by the extent to which the birth rate has remained static. The Conservatives tended to favour individual liberties and low taxation, while Labour preferred collectivist solutions and were therefore happier to advocate a major role for the state. In this first period you have really an alternation between the Labour and Conservative Parties in Government, by contrast with the pre-1939 period, when the Conservatives were very dominant. The post-war era started on 1946 until the pre-martial law period. Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861-1877 Rise of Industrial America, 1876-1900 Progressive Era to New Era, 1900-1929 Great Depression and World War II, 1929-1945 The Post War ⦠Fragments remained. to the Present, The Jacobean Era, Cromwell, and the Restoration, English literature: The Postwar Era to the Present. In the 1960s, pop music - not least that of the Beatles and the Rolling Stones - gave Britain a very different feel in the world to that it had enjoyed as the world's predominant empire. Anthony Powell and Richard Hughes continued to work in the expansive 19th-century tradition, producing a series of realistic novels chronicling life in England during the 20th cent. At times, Britain itself appeared to be going the same way, as entry into the European Economic Community (EEC) - later European Union (EU) - in 1973 led to a marked erosion of national sovereignty and to a transfer of powers to Europe. With the war over and the promise of American prosperity on the horizon, many couples ⦠Our editors update and regularly refine this enormous body of information to bring you reliable information. POST WAR PERIOD ⢠The post-war doctrine was âform follows functionâ professed by the â3rd generationâ architects, namely, Cesar Concio, Angel Nakpil, Alfredo Luz, Otillo Arellano,Felipe Mendoza, Gabriel Formoso and Carlos Arguelles. After World War II had ended, Japan was devastated. In the late 1940s, the government launched campaigns to encourage women to enter or stay in the labour market, and encou⦠The Post World War II Boom: How America Got Into Gear After years of wartime rationing, American consumers were ready to spend moneyâand factories made the switch from war ⦠The gains made during the Second World War proved transitory as women were demobilised from âmenâs workâ to make way for the returning servicemen, as had happened following the First World War. After the war most English writers chose to focus on aesthetic or social rather than political problems; C. P. Snow was perhaps the notable exception. In the years immediately after the war, new arrivals came from all over Europe. In line with a general trend around the developed world, life expectancy has risen greatly for both men and women. Labour leader Keir Starmerâs speech last week, with its talk of a â1945 momentâ was a fine example of the genre. The job is certainly a dangerous one, and for that reason, most circuses provide a safety net for the trapeze artists just in case they slip up. In 1945, Britain still had the largest empire in the world. Britain since the Seventies by Jeremy Black (Reaktion Books, 2004), British Economic Development since 1945 by Alan Booth (Manchester University Press, 1995), Religion in Britain Since 1945: Believing Without Belonging by Grace Davie (Blackwell Publishers, 1994), British Society Since 1945: The Penguin Social History of Britain by Arthur Marwick (Penguin Books Ltd, 2003), The European Question and the National Interest by Jeremy Black (Social Affairs Unit, 2006). This rise was linked to a growth in consumerism that also owed something to an extension of borrowing to more of the population. A post-war period can become an interwar period or interbellum, when a war between the same parties resumes at a later date (such as the period between World War I and World War II). Britain and the British have changed profoundly since 1945. The novelists Henry Green , Ivy Compton-Burnett , Joyce Cary , and Lawrence Durrell , and the poets Robert Graves , Edwin Muir , Louis MacNeice , and Edith Sitwell tended to cultivate their own distinctive voices. Judaism. Alongside the apparent continuity in popular culture of works such as the James Bond films, the novels of Dick Francis and the radio soap 'The Archers', there were also important shifts, for example in popular music. The period was also dominated by the Cold War and, again, Britain sought to maintain its position, alongside the United States, as a major nuclear power, exploding its first atomic bomb in 1952. Members of the first South Carolina legislature after the Civil War. War damage had impacted on the quantity of housing stock, but additionally, much âobsoleteâ housing ha⦠This was particularly evident in Labour 's support for the nationalisation of major parts of the economy during their pre-1979 governments. All rights reserved. Learn more about the mythic conflict between the Argives and the Trojans. The 1945 Labour government was largely responsible for what is called the 'post-war consensus'. In 1970 there were about 375,000 Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs in Britain. A war was successfully fought with Argentina in 1982 when the latter attacked the Falkland Islands, a colony inhabited by British settlers since 1833. Increased foreign travel and intermarriage were other aspects of a relatively un-xenophobic and continually-changing society - trends that continue to this day. When Britain emerged victorious from the Second World War, the Labour Party under Clement Attlee came to power and created a comprehensive welfare state, with the establishment of the National Health Service giving free healthcare to all British citizens, and other reforms to benefits. Infoplease is part of the FEN Learning family of educational and reference sites for parents, teachers and students. While the artistry may be missing in the post-war home, the craftsmanship isn't. N2 - There is a consensus among scholars regarding the slow transformation of âhot-blooded terrorâ into âcold-blooded terrorâ during the Civil War and the Post-war period in Spain. However, Cold War realities demonstrated Britain's relative decline as an independent world power. The period was also marked by a number of highly individual novelists, including Kingsley Amis, Anthony Burgess, William Golding, Doris Lessing, Iris Murdoch, and Muriel Spark. FRANCIS C. MACANSANTOS PRISCILLA S. MACANSANTOS Published in 1946, Ginto Sa Makiling â a novel by Macario Pineda, is the first work of note that appeared after the second world war. Thomas's lyricism and rich imagery reaffirmed the romantic spirit, and he was eventually appreciated for his technical mastery as well. The novelists Henry Green, Ivy Compton-Burnett, Joyce Cary, and Lawrence Durrell, and the poets Robert Graves, Edwin Muir, Louis MacNeice, and Edith Sitwell tended to cultivate their own distinctive voices. By the 1990s, only one in seven Britons was an active member of a Christian church, although more claimed to be believers. While the postwar era was not a great period of English literature, it produced a variety of excellent critics, including William Empson, Frank Kermode, and F. R. Leavis. Post-war definition: Post-war is used to describe things that happened , existed, or were made in the period... | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples At the national level, government was controlled by the Labour Party (1945 - 1951, 1964 - 1970, 1974 - 1979 and 1997 onwards) and its Conservative rival (1951 - 1964, 1970 - 1974, 1979 - 1997), with no coalition ministries. Please consider upgrading your browser software or enabling style sheets (CSS) if you are able to do so. More broadly, a post-war period (or postwar period) is the interval immediately following the end of a war. The moral code that prevailed in 1945 broke down, a process formalised by legal changes in the 1960s. So too did products and dishes from around the world, reflecting the extent to which the British had become less parochial and readier to adopt an open attitude to non-British influences. The Liverpool Sound, the Swinging Sixties, and the London of Carnaby Street created an image far removed from that of 1956 when, in a last major flourish of imperial power, Britain had unsuccessfully sought to intimidate Egypt in the Suez Crisis. Nonetheless, it became the third state in the world to gain the atom bomb in1952, followed by the hydrogen bomb in 1957. English Literature, 20th cent. But instead, pent-up consumer demand fueled exceptionally strong economic growth in the post-war period. Articles on Post-war period. Housing provision by the end of the war, particularly in urban centres, was considered inadequate, not only in quantity, but in quality as well. Beckett, who wrote many of his works in French and translated them into English, is considered the greatest exponent of the theater of the absurd. Spending became a major expression of identity and indeed a significant activity in leisure time. The postâWorld War II economic expansion, also known as the postwar economic boom or the Golden Age of Capitalism, was a broad period of worldwide economic expansion beginning after World War II and ending with the 1973â1975 recession. In the 1990s, a peaceful end to the 'Troubles' was negotiated, but tension continues. Britain became an active member of international organisations, not least the United Nations. Jewish historyâthe post-war period. By the 1990s, only one in seven Britons was an active member of a Christian church. Read more. These changes were linked to shifts in religious practice. Not surprisingly, marriage rates soared in the postwar era. FEN Learning is part of Sandbox Networks, a digital learning company that operates education services and products for the 21st century. Johnstone Shire Hall was the birthplace of an ambitious partnership between 11 local governments in 1944. Google Classroom Facebook Twitter. Novelists generally have found as little in the Thatcher and Major eras as in the previous period to inspire them, but the work of Margaret Drabble, John Fowles, David Lodge stands out, and the Scottish writer James Kelman stands out. This was seen in politics with, for example, the lowering of the voting age to 18; in the economy, with the rise of the youth consumer; and in culture, with marked changes in popular music. Other novelists and playwrights of the 1950s, often called the angry young men, expressed a deep dissatisfaction with British society, combined with despair that anything could be done about it. All the large cities (with the exception of Kyoto), the industries and the transportation networks were severely damaged. Demands for mobility (cars) and space (houses) have ensured the transfer of land from agriculture and natural landscape to roads and housing, with multiple consequences for the environment and for the human experience. Â. Infoplease knows the value of having sources you can trust. Most, in turn, were denationalised again under the Conservatives between 1979 and 1997. After the war most English writers chose to focus on aesthetic or social rather than political problems; C. P. Snow was perhaps the notable exception. As a group, these are durable, solid houses with a lot going for them. Then the second period begins in 1979 when you have 18 years ⦠A principal driver of change has been a major growth in population, matched by rapidly rising expectations about lifestyle. why so many soldiers survived the trenches. And just as in the post-war period, there are plenty of calls now for a permanently larger, more interventionist state. This page is best viewed in an up-to-date web browser with style sheets (CSS) enabled. BBC © 2014 The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Brick veneer - cheaper and faster to construct than solid brick - became archetypal of the era. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Find out more about how the BBC is covering the. Urban planning - Urban planning - Postwar approaches: During the postwar period European governments mounted massive housing and rebuilding programs within their devastated cities. Last updated 2011-03-03. In a nutshell, the press during the post-war era became free again. Some of the most exciting work of the period came in the theater, notably the plays of John Osborne, Harold Pinter, Tom Stoppard, David Storey, and Arnold Wesker. After distinguished service in that war, Attlee entered parliament in 1922, and served in the first two Labour governments. The failure in the 1990s of the heavily church-backed 'Keep Sunday Special' campaign (to prevent shops from opening on the sabbath) confirmed the general trend. As empire receded fast, Britain seemed a diminished power. Furthermore, large-scale immigration, particularly from the West Indies and South Asia, but also from other areas such as Eastern Europe, has made the population ethnically far more diverse, with important cultural consequences. Defence in the post-war era largely consisted of the protection of Western Europe against the threat of Soviet invasion, and Britain played a key role in this confrontation which became known as the Cold War. Builders could hardly build them fast enough, which is why much of the artistry in houses found during the pre-war period started to disappear. Jeremy Black is Professor of History at the University of Exeter. Manufacturing decline was matched by the rise in the service sector, resulting in a major change for many in the experience of work. The composition of the population has undergone a marked transformation, due primarily to advances in medicine.  ©. But for most believers, formal expressions of faith became less important. See more Encyclopedia articles on: English Literature, 20th cent. A new youth culture emerged with its own form of music--rock ân' roll. Need a reference? Among the best postwar British authors were the Welsh poet Dylan Thomas and the Irish expatriate novelist and playwright Samuel Beckett. If you have, then you've probably seen trapeze artists flying high above the ring, jumping and spinning on swings, ropes and wires. In the last fifty years Britain has tried to maintain a leading role in the world, based on its heroic defence of democracy in World War II and its links with the Commonwealth countries, the ex-colonies of the now lost British Empire. The Labour and Conservative parties shared major overlaps in policy. This article challenges this framework in two ways. Much of that argument rests on a carefully cultivated mythology about post-war Britain, particularly on the part of Labour politicians. This âpostwarâ period, as it became known, shaped the world as we know it today; likewise, the period was shaped itself both by the war that had preceded it, and the powerful forces that surrounded it. What is known as the post-war consensus started with the election of Clement Atlee in 1945, British Prime Minister 1945-51 and ended following the election of Margaret Thatcher, British Prime Minister 1979-90. The ⦠In truth, the post-World War II period was an era of intense anxiety and dynamic, creative change. The move to 24-hour shopping and the abolition of restrictions on Sunday trading were symptomatic of this shift. I think the post-War period divides reasonably into two main phases: the first is up to 1979, when Margaret Thatcher came to power. However, during this time, the press was forced into a âmarriage of convenienceâ with large business enterprises and political groups; which is why the giant newspapers remained in the field. The most controversial issue was nationalisation of steel, which was profitable unlike the others. Not sure about the geography of the middle east? Other outstanding contemporary poets include Hugh MacDiarmid, the leading figure of the Scottish literary renaissance; Ted Hughes, whose harsh, postapocalyptic poetry celebrates simple survival, and Seamus Heaney, an Irish poet who is hailed for his exquisite style. His uncompromisingly bleak, difficult plays (and novels) depict the lonely, alienated human condition with compassion and humor. These two parties shared major overlaps in policy throughout the post-war period, for example in maintaining free health care at the point of delivery - the basis of the National Health Service. Spending became a major expression of identity and indeed a significant activity in leisure time. An acute shortage of building skills, materials and equipment followed World War Two and led to a chronic housing shortage. Read more. to the Present. The extent to which the process of rebuilding required the combined efforts of men and women in public and perhaps even more so in private shows the shared human toll of this extraordinary conflict. But there were also major contrasts, particularly between 1979 and 1990 when Margaret Thatcher held power as the country's first female prime minister. After WWII, most British wanted their own safety nets. Author: Learn about one of the world's oldest and most popular religions. But, again, that isn't to malign the post-war house. Photograph, 1947. Email. The occupation of Japan by the Allied Powers started in August 1945 and ended in April 1952.General MacArthur was its first Supreme Commander. The Journey of Reconciliationâfirst âFreedom Rideââstanding outside office of Attorney S. W. Robinson, Richmond, Virginia. Download your free fact sheet. Furthermore, post-war societies were largely in mourning. The 1960s destroyed a cultural continuity that had lasted since the Victorian period. The automobile industry successfully converted back to producing cars, and new industries such as aviation and electronics grew by leaps and bounds. The end of World War II was not just the end of a war, but also the beginning of a tense and dynamic period that affected society on all levels. By Professor Jeremy Black The post-war reconstruction effort made the need for an expanded labour force urgent. While you will be able to view the content of this page in your current browser, you will not be able to get the full visual experience. In Western usage, the phrase post-war era (or postwar era) usually refers to the time since the end of World War II. Have you ever been to the circus? These two parties shared major overlaps in policy throughout the post-war period, for example in maintaining free health care at the point of delivery - ⦠Farming practices have become increasingly intensive in the postâwar period, with a dramatic reduction in landscape diversity. Abortion and homosexuality became legal, capital punishment was abolished, and measures were taken to improve the position of women. Since 1945, there has been a 65% decline in the number of farms, a 77% decline in farm labour and an almost fourfold increase in yield. Fortunately for the British government, most Britons were not trapeze artists. We've got you covered with our map collection. Life-size models of the nuclear Polaris A3 missile, 1968 Economic recovery was slow, housing was in short supply⦠Reconstruction: A Timeline of the Post-Civil War Era For a 14-year period, the U.S. government took steps to try and integrate the nation's newly freed Black population into society. Post-1945, Britain quickly relinquished its status as the world's largest imperial power, but it was the massive cultural and social changes at home that truly transformed British society. Britain became an active member of international organisations, not least the United Nations, of which it was a founder member and held a permanent seat on the Security Council. Brush up on your geography and finally learn what countries are in Eastern Europe with our maps. Judaism. Learn more about the world with our collection of regional and country maps. The most populous of Britain's remaining colonies, Hong Kong, was only handed over to China in 1997. Sections: Prologue | The Segregation Era (1900â1939) | World War II and Post War (1940â1949) | Civil Rights Era (1950â1963) | The Civil Rights Act of 1964 | Immediate Impact of the Civil Rights Act | Epilogue. A housing boom, stimulated in part by easily affordable mortgages for returning members of the military, added to the expansion. By contrast, a post-war period marks the cessation of conflict entirely. Copyright 2012, Columbia University Press. Britain was also a founder member of North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) in 1949, and sent a contingent of troops to take part in the Korean War (1950 - 1953) against Communist North Korea. This page has been archived and is no longer updated. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Uncertain public policy in the post-war period played a role in the marked relative decline of the British economy, which was particularly pronounced in the field of manufacturing. A severe shortage of food continued for several years. Philippine Literature in the Post-War and Contemporary Period. More generally, the authority of age and experience were overthrown and, in their place, came an emphasis on youth and novelty. This empire had largely been granted independence by 1964, beginning with independence for India and Pakistan in 1947. In contrast to the situation in Northern Ireland, Welsh and Scottish nationalism remained essentially non-violent, and in 1997 each gained a devolved assembly exercising a considerable amount of local control. ⢠"Form follows function" is a principle associated with modernist architecture and industrial design in the 20th century. Large-scale immigration has made the population ethnically far more diverse, with important cultural consequences. A revival of domestic building followed the post-war baby boom and widespread immigration. These programs were guided by the principles of modernist planning promulgated through the Congrès International dâArchitecture Moderne (CIAM), based on the ideas of art and architectural historian ⦠Infoplease is a reference and learning site, combining the contents of an encyclopedia, a dictionary, an atlas and several almanacs loaded with facts. Displaying all articles.
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